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Body mass index
Description
The body mass index, BMI, is the ratio of body mass to height squared (BMI=M·H-2), recommended by the WHO as a general indicator of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg·m-2), overweight (BMI>25 kg·m-2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg·m-2). Keys et al (1972; see 2014) emphasized that 'the prime criterion must be the relative independence of the index from height'. It is exactly the dependence of the BMI on height - from children to adults, women to men, Caucasians to Asians -, which requires adjustments of BMI-cutoff points. This deficiency is resolved by the body mass excess relative to the healthy reference population.
Abbreviation: BMI
Reference: Keys 2014 Int J Epidemiol
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Healthy reference population | Body mass excess | BFE | BME cutoffs | BMI | H | M | VO2max | mitObesity drugs |
Communicated by Gnaiger Erich (2020-02-15) last update 2020-07-24 in: Catastrophe XXX XXX-mass Carol on BME and mitObesity of A X-mass Carol
- Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874), the founder of anthropometry and pioneer in statistics, considered the ratio BMI=M·H-2 (per area; Quetelet index) and BMI=M·H-3 (per volume; related to the ponderal index).
- The vast majority of illustrations of the BMI compares people of various fatness at the same height (H; dashed horizontal lines in the two Figures). Without variation of height, the concept of the BMI would be simple and redundant: the BMI increases linearly as a function of body mass excess at constant height. At zero body mass excess of the healthy reference population, however, the BMI° (indicating zero underweight or overweight) increases by about 1 BMI unit with every 0.1 m increase in height above 1.2 m/x. Whereas the healthy reference BMI° is 22 kg·m-2 at a height of 1.9 m/x, it is 18 kg·m-2 at 1.5 m/x, and declines to 15 kg·m-2 for children of 1.0 m/x at less than 5 years of age.
- More details: » Healthy reference population (HRP); » Body mass excess (BME)
References: BMI
- Keys A, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N, Taylor HL (2014) Indices of relative weight and obesity. Int J Epidemiol 43:655-65. - »Bioblast link«
- NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017) Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 390:2627–42. - »Bioblast link«
- WHO Obesity (retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1, 2020-07-05)
- Ritchie Hannah, Roser Max (2017) Obesity. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/obesity' [Online Resource]
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| Year | Reference | Organism | Tissue;cell | Stress | Diseases | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2024 Body composition and obesity | 2024 | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2024) Exploring the science on measures of body composition, body fat distribution, and obesity. National Academies Press, Washington, DC https://doi.org/10.17226/27461. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
| National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2023 BMI and beyond | 2023 | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2023) BMI and beyond: Considering context in measuring obesity and its applications: Proceedings of a workshop—in brief. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/27185 | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
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| Gemmink 2016 Diabetologia | 2016 | Gemmink A, Bosma M, Kuijpers HJ, Hoeks J, Schaart G, van Zandvoort MA, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MK (2016) Decoration of intramyocellular lipid droplets with PLIN5 modulates fasting-induced insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in humans. Diabetologia 59:1040-8. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
| Kroenke 2016 JAMA Oncol | 2016 | Kroenke CH, Neugebauer R, Meyerhardt J, Prado CM, Weltzien E, Kwan ML, Xiao J, Caan BJ ( 2016) Analysis of body mass index and mortality in patients with colorectal cancer using causal diagrams. JAMA Oncol 2:1137–45. | Human | Aging;senescence Cancer Obesity | ||
| Salvadego 2016 J Appl Physiol (1985) | 2016 | Salvadego D, Keramidas ME, Brocca L, Domenis R, Mavelli I, Rittweger J, Eiken O, Mekjavic IB, Grassi B (2016) Separate and combined effects of a 10-d exposure to hypoxia and inactivity on oxidative function in vivo and mitochondrial respiration ex vivo in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121:154-63. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Cryopreservation Hypoxia | |
| Distefano 2016 J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | 2016 | Distefano G, Standley RA, Dubé JJ, Carnero EA, Ritov VB, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FG, Piva SR, Goodpaster BH, Coen PM (2016) Chronological age does not influence ex-vivo mitochondrial respiration and quality control in skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 72:535-42. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Apovian 2016 Am J Manag Care | 2016 | Apovian CM (2016) Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care 22(7 Suppl):s176–85. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Coen 2015 Diabetes | 2015 | Coen PM, Menshikova EV, Distefano G, Zheng D, Tanner CJ, Standley RA, Helbling NL, Dubis GS, Ritov VB, Xie H, Desimone ME, Smith SR, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FG, Houmard JA, Goodpaster BH (2015) Exercise and weight loss improve muscle mitochondrial respiration, lipid partitioning, and insulin sensitivity after gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes 64:3737-50. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Obesity | |
| Nevill 2015 Nutr Diabetes | 2015 | Nevill AM, Metsios GS (2015) The need to redefine age- and gender-specific overweight and obese body mass index cutoff points. Nutr Diabetes 5:e186. | Human | Fat | Aging;senescence Obesity | |
| Tompuri 2015 Clin Physiol Funct Imaging | 2015 | Tompuri T, Lintu N, Savonen K, Laitinen T, Laaksonen D, Jääskeläinen J, Lakka TA (2015) Measures of cardiorespiratory fitness in relation to measures of body size and composition among children. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 35:469-77. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Van de Weijer 2015 Diabetes | 2015 | van de Weijer T, Phielix E, Bilet L, Williams EG, Ropelle ER, Bierwagen A, Livingstone R, Nowotny P, Sparks LM, Paglialunga S, Szendroedi J, Havekes B, Moullan N, Pirinen E, Hwang JH, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Hesselink MK, Auwerx J, Roden M, Schrauwen P (2015) Evidence for a direct effect of the NAD+ precursor acipimox on muscle mitochondrial function in humans. Diabetes 64:1193-201. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
| Irving 2015 J Clin Endocrinol Metab | 2015 | Irving BA, Lanza IR, Henderson GC, Rao RR, Spiegelman BM, Nair KS (2015) Combined training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity independent of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:1654-63. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Indian Academy of Pediatrics Growth Charts Committee 2015 Indian Pediatr | 2015 | Indian Academy of Pediatrics Growth Charts Committee, Khadilkar V, Yadav S, Agrawal KK, Tamboli S, Banerjee M, Cherian A, Goyal JP, Khadilkar A, Kumaravel V, Mohan V, Narayanappa D, Ray I, Yewale V (2015) Revised IAP growth charts for height, weight and body mass index for 5- to 18-year-old Indian children. Indian Pediatr 52:47-55. | Human | Aging;senescence Obesity | ||
| Al-Gindan 2015 Br J Nutr | 2015 | Al-Gindan YY, Hankey CR, Govan L, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Lean ME (2015) Derivation and validation of simple anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue mass and total fat mass with MRI as the reference method. Br J Nutr 114:1852-67. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
| Ludzki 2015 Diabetes | 2015 | Ludzki A, Paglialunga S, Smith BK, Herbst EA, Allison MK, Heigenhauser GJ, Neufer PD, Holloway GP (2015) Rapid repression of ADP transport by palmitoyl-CoA is attenuated by exercise training in humans; a potential mechanism to decrease oxidative stress and improve skeletal muscle insulin signaling. Diabetes 64:2769-79. | Human Mouse | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
| Gnaiger 2015 Scand J Med Sci Sports | 2015 | Gnaiger E, Boushel R, Søndergaard H, Munch-Andersen T, Damsgaard R, Hagen C, Díez-Sánchez C, Ara I, Wright-Paradis C, Schrauwen P, Hesselink M, Calbet JAL, Christiansen M, Helge JW, Saltin B (2015) Mitochondrial coupling and capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of Inuit and caucasians in the arctic winter. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12612 | Human | Skeletal muscle | Temperature | |
| Heymsfield 2014 Am J Clin Nutr | 2014 | Heymsfield SB, Peterson CM, Thomas DM, Heo M, Schuna JM Jr, Hong S, Choi W (2014) Scaling of adult body weight to height across sex and race/ethnic groups: relevance to BMI. Am J Clin Nutr 100:1455-61. | Human | |||
| Kuper 2014 BMC Public Health | 2014 | Kuper H, Taylor A, Krishna KV, Ben-Shlomo Y, Gupta R, Kulkarni B, Prabhakaran D, Davey Smith G, Wells J, Ebrahim S, Kinra S (2014) Is vulnerability to cardiometabolic disease in Indians mediated by abdominal adiposity or higher body adiposity. BMC Public Health 14:1239. | Human | Fat | Cardiovascular Obesity | |
| Keys 2014 Int J Epidemiol | 2014 | Keys A, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N, Taylor HL (2014) Indices of relative weight and obesity. Int J Epidemiol 43:655-65. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
| Karabatsiakis 2014 Transl Psychiatry | 2014 | Karabatsiakis A, Boeck C, Salinas-Manrique J, Kolassa S, Calzia E, Dietrich DE, Kolassa IT (2014) Mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlates with depressive subsymptoms and severity of major depression. Transl Psychiatry 4:e397. | Human | Blood cells | Cryopreservation | Neurodegenerative |
| Zeng 2014 Br J Nutr | 2014 | Zeng Q, He Y, Dong S, Zhao X, Chen Z, Song Z, Chang G, Yang F, Wang Y (2014) Optimal cut-off values of BMI, waist circumference and waist:height ratio for defining obesity in Chinese adults. Br J Nutr 112:1735-44. | Human | Cardiovascular Diabetes Obesity | ||
| Mialich 2014 Nutr Hosp | 2014 | Mialich MS, Martinez EZ, Jordao JJ (2014) Application of body mass index adjusted for fat mass (BMIfat) obtained by bioelectrical impedance in adults. Nutr Hosp 30:417-24. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
| Genne-Bacon 2014 Yale J Biol Med | 2014 | Genné-Bacon EA (2014) Thinking evolutionarily about obesity. Yale J Biol Med 87:99-112. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Ludzki 2014 Thesis | 2014 | Ludzki AC (2014) Palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of mitochondrial ADP sensitivity is attenuated by exercise training in human skeletal muscle. Master's Thesis 1-86. | Human Mouse | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Gram 2014 Exp Gerontol | 2014 | Gram M, Vigelsoe A, Yokota T, Hansen CN, Helge JW, Hey-Mogensen M, Dela F (2014) Two weeks of one-leg immobilization decreases skeletal muscle 2 respiratory capacity equally in young and elderly men. Exp Gerontol 58C:269-78. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
| Dube 2014 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab | 2014 | Dube JJ, Coen PM, DiStefano G, Chacon AC, Helbling NL, Desimone ME, Stafanovic-Racic M, Hames KC, Despines AA, Toledo FG, Goodpaster BH (2014) Effects of acute lipid overload on skeletal muscle insulin resistance, metabolic flexibility, and mitochondrial performance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 307:E1117-24. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes | |
| Broskey 2014 J Clin Endocrinol Metab | 2014 | Broskey NT, Greggio C, Boss A, Boutant M, Dwyer A, Schlueter L, Hans D, Gremion G, Kreis R, Boesch C, Canto AC, Amati F (2014) Skeletal muscle mitochondria in the elderly: effects of physical fitness and exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:1852-61. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Cryopreservation | Aging;senescence |
| Andersen 2013 Int J Circumpolar Health | 2013 | Andersen S, Fleischer Rex K, Noahsen P, Sørensen HC, Mulvad G, Laurberg P (2013) Raised BMI cut-off for overweight in Greenland Inuit--a review. Int J Circumpolar Health 2013 Aug 5;72. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21086. | Obesity | |||
| Loe 2013 PLOS ONE | 2013 | Loe H, Rognmo Ø, Saltin B, Wisløff U (2013) Aerobic capacity reference data in 3816 healthy men and women 20-90 years. PLOS ONE 8:e64319. | Human | |||
| Bonthuis 2013 PLOS ONE | 2013 | Bonthuis M, Jager KJ, Abu-Hanna A, Verrina E, Schaefer F, van Stralen KJ (2013) Application of body mass index according to height-age in short and tall children. PLOS ONE 8:e72068. | Human | |||
| Setty 2013 Int J Med Sci Public Health | 2013 | Setty P, Padmanabha BV, Doddamani BR (2013) Correlation between obesity and cardio respiratory fitness. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2:300-4. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Hernandez-Aguilera 2013 Mediators Inflamm | 2013 | Hernández-Aguilera A, Rull A, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Riera-Borrull M, Luciano-Mateo F, Camps J, Menéndez JA, Joven J (2013) Mitochondrial dysfunction: a basic mechanism in inflammation-related non-communicable diseases and therapeutic opportunities. Mediators Inflamm 2013:135698. | Human | Fat | Oxidative stress;RONS | Obesity |
| Dagan 2013 Nutr J | 2013 | Dagan SS, Segev S, Novikov I, Dankner R (2013) Waist circumference vs body mass index in association with cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy men and women: a cross sectional analysis of 403 subjects. Nutr J 12:12. | Human | |||
| Afolabi 2013 Int J Sci Engin Res | 2013 | Afolabi BO, Akanbi OG (2013) Effects of body mass index on aerobic power (VO2max) and energy expenditure (EE): a case of manual load lifting in agro-processing. Int J Sci Engin Res 4:1718-21. | Human | |||
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| Tipton 2012 Nursing | 2012 | Tipton PH, Aigner MJ, Finto D, Haislet JA, Pehl L, Sanford P, Williams M (2012) Consider the accuracy of height and weight measurements. Nursing 42:50-2. | Human | |||
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| Timmers 2011 Cell Metab | 2011 | Timmers S, Konings E, Bilet L, Houtkooper RH, van de Weijer T, Goossens GH, Hoeks J, van der Krieken S, Ryu D, Kersten S, Moonen-Kornips E, Hesselink MK, Kunz I, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Blaak EE, Auwerx J, Schrauwen P (2011) Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab 14:612-22. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Obesity | |
| Pesta 2011 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | 2011 | Pesta D, Hoppel F, Macek C, Messner H, Faulhaber M, Kobel C, Parson W, Burtscher M, Schocke M, Gnaiger E (2011) Similar qualitative and quantitative changes of mitochondrial respiration following strength and endurance training in normoxia and hypoxia in sedentary humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R1078–87. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Hypoxia | Obesity |
| Bergman 2011 Obesity (Silver Spring) | 2011 | Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Buchanan TA, Sumner AE, Reynolds JC, Sebring NG, Xiang AH, Watanabe RM (2011) A better index of body adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19:1083-9. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
| Studenski 2011 JAMA | 2011 | Studenski Stephanie, Perera Subashan, Patel Kushang, Rosano Caterina, Faulkner Kimberly, Inzitari Marco, Brach Jennifer, Chandler Julie, Cawthon Peggy, Connor Elizabeth Barrett, Nevitt Michael, Visser Marjolein, Kritchevsky Stephen, Badinelli Stefania, Harris Tamara, Newman Anne B, Cauley Jane, Ferrucci Luigi, Guralnik Jack (2011) Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 305:50–8. | Human | Aging;senescence | ||
| Meeuwsen 2010 Clin Nutr | 2010 | Meeuwsen S, Horgan GW, Elia M (2010) The relationship between BMI and percent body fat, measured by bioelectrical impedance, in a large adult sample is curvilinear and influenced by age and sex. Clin Nutr 29:560-6. | Human | Fat | Aging;senescence Obesity | |
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| Pribis 2010 Nutrients | 2010 | Pribis P, Burtnack CA, McKenzie SO, Thayer J (2010) Trends in body fat, body mass index and physical fitness among male and female college students. Nutrients 2:1075-85. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Misra 2009 J Assoc Physicians India | 2009 | Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM, Vikram NK, Wasir JS, Chadha D, Joshi Shashank R, Sadikot S, Gupta R, Gulati Seema, Munjal YP, Concensus Group (2009) Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India 57:163–70. | Human | Fat | Cardiovascular Diabetes Obesity | |
| Raboel 2009 Diabetes Obes Metab | 2009 | Raboel R, Hojberg PM, Almdal T, Boushel RC, Haugaard SB, Madsbad S, Dela F (2009) Improved glycaemic control decreases inner mitochondrial membrane leak in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 11:355-60. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Mitochondrial disease | Diabetes |
| Walley 2009 Nat Rev Genet | 2009 | Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P (2009) The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity. Nat Rev Genet 10:431–42. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Bosy-Westphal 2009 Br J Nutr | 2009 | Bosy-Westphal A, Plachta-Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Müller MJ (2009) Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 102:453-61. | Fat | Obesity | ||
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| Volkow 2009 Obesity (Silver Spring) | 2009 | Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Logan J, Wong C, Thanos PK, Ma Y, Pradhan K (2009) Inverse association between BMI and prefrontal metabolic activity in healthy adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:60-5. | Human | Nervous system | Obesity | |
| Cohen 2008 Am J Clin Nutr | 2008 | Cohen DA, Sturm R (2008) Body mass index is increasing faster among taller persons. Am J Clin Nutr 87:445-8. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Romero-Corral 2008 Int J Obes (Lond) | 2008 | Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, Allison TG, Batsis JA, Sert-Kuniyoshi FH, Lopez-Jimenez F (2008) Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes (Lond) 32:959-66. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
| Nakhostin-Roohi 2008 J Sports Med Phys Fitness | 2008 | Nakhostin-Roohi B, Niknam Z (2008) BMI, fat percentage and VO2max in college female staff. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 48:211-6. | Human | |||
| Daussin 2008 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | 2008 | Daussin FN, Zoll J, Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Doutreleau S, Mettauer B, Piquard F, Geny B, Richard R (2008) Effect of interval versus continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R264-72. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Barquera 2007 Int J Obes (Lond) | 2007 | Barquera S, Peterson KE, Must A, Rogers BL, Flores M, Houser R, Monterrubio E, Rivera-Dommarco JA (2007) Coexistence of maternal central adiposity and child stunting in Mexico. Int J Obes (Lond) 31:601-7. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Boushel 2007 Diabetologia | 2007 | Boushel RC, Gnaiger E, Schjerling P, Skovbro M, Kraunsoee R, Dela F (2007) Patients with Type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 50:790-6. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Diabetes Obesity | |
| Rabinovich 2007 Eur Respir J | 2007 | Rabinovich RA, Bastos R, Ardite E, Llinàs L, Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, Vilaró J, Barberà JA, Rodríguez-Roisin R, Fernández-Checa JC, Roca J (2007) Mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD patients with low body mass index. Eur Respir J 29:643-50. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Oxidative stress;RONS | |
| Joshi 2007 JAMA | 2007 | Joshi P, Islam S, Pais P, Reddy S, Dorairaj P, Kazmi K, Pandey MR, Haque S, Mendis S, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S (2007) Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries. JAMA 297:286-94. | Human | Cardiovascular Obesity | ||
| Brien 2007 Can J Public Health | 2007 | Brien SE, Katzmarzyk PT, Craig CL, Gauvin L (2007) Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of substantial weight gain and obesity: the Canadian physical activity longitudinal study. Can J Public Health 98:121-4.. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Wells 2007 Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc | 2007 | Wells JC (2007) The thrifty phenotype as an adaptive maternal effect. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 82:143-72. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Heymsfield 2007 Am J Clin Nutr | 2007 | Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D, Mayer L, Beetsch J, Pietrobelli A (2007) Scaling of human body composition to stature: new insights into body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 86:82-91. | Human | Skeletal muscle Nervous system Liver Fat | Obesity | |
| Bakkman 2007 ActaPhysiol | 2007 | Bakkman L, Sahlin K, Holmberg HC, Tonkonogi M (2007) Quantitative and qualitative adaptation of human skeletal muscle mitochondria to hypoxic compared with normoxic training at the same relative work rate. Acta Physiol (Oxford) 190:243–51. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Oxidative stress;RONS | |
| De Onis 2007 Bull World Health Organization | 2007 | de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J (2007) Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organization 85:660-7. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Wells 2006 Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc | 2006 | Wells JC (2006) The evolution of human fatness and susceptibility to obesity: an ethological approach. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 81:183-205. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Mogensen 2006 J Physiol | 2006 | Mogensen M, Bagger M, Pedersen PK, Fernström M, Sahlin K (2006) Cycling efficiency in humans is related to low UCP3 content and to type I fibres but not to mitochondrial efficiency. J Physiol 571:669-81. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
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| WHO 2006 Geneva: World Health Organization | 2006 | WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization 312 pp. | Human | Obesity | ||
| Ponsot 2006 J Appl Physiol (1985) | 2006 | Ponsot E, Dufour SP, Zoll J, Doutrelau S, N'Guessan B, Geny B, Hoppeler H, Lampert E, Mettauer B, Ventura-Clapier R, Richard R (2006) Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners. II. Improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 100:1249-57. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Hypoxia | |
| WHO 2006 Acta Paediatr | 2006 | WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450:76-85. | Human | |||
| Diverse Populations Collaborative Group 2005 Am J Phys Anthropol | 2005 | Diverse Populations Collaborative Group (2005) Weight-height relationships and body mass index: some observations from the Diverse Populations Collaboration. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:220-9. | Human | |||
| Garnier 2005 FASEB J | 2005 | Garnier A, Fortin D, Zoll J, N'Guessan B, Mettauer B, Lampert E, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R (2005) Coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 19:43-52. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| WHO Expert Consultation 2004 Lancet | 2004 | WHO Expert Consultation (2004) Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363:157-63. | Human | Obesity | ||
| N'Guessan 2004 Mol Cell Biochem | 2004 | N'Guessan B, Zoll J, Ribera F, Ponsot E, Lampert E, Ventura-Clapier R, Veksler V, Mettauer B (2004) Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects of mitochondrial function in human skeletal and cardiac muscles. Mol Cell Biochem 256-257:267-80. | Human | Skeletal muscle | ||
| Rasmussen 2003 Eur J Physiol | 2003 | Rasmussen UF, Krustrup P, Kjaer M, Rasmussen HN (2003) Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism in youth and senescence: no signs of functional changes in ATP formation and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Pflugers Arch – Eur J Physiol 446:270-78. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Aging;senescence | |
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| Echaniz-Laguna 2002 Ann Neurol | 2002 | Echaniz-Laguna A, Zoll J, Ribera F, Tranchant C, Warter JM, Lonsdorfer J, Lampert E (2002) Mitochondrial respiratory chain function in skeletal muscle of ALS patients. Ann Neurol 52:623-7. | Human | Skeletal muscle | Neurodegenerative | |
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| Deurenberg 2001 Eur J Clin Nutr | 2001 | Deurenberg P, Andreoli A, Borg P, Kukkonen-Harjula K, de Lorenzo A, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Testolin G, Vigano R, Vollaard N (2001) The validity of predicted body fat percentage from body mass index and from impedance in samples of five European populations. Eur J Clin Nutr 55:973-9. | Human | Fat | Obesity | |
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Publications: BME and height
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| Bosy-Westphal 2009 Br J Nutr | Bosy-Westphal A, Plachta-Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Müller MJ (2009) Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 102:453-61. |
| De Onis 2007 Bull World Health Organization | de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J (2007) Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organization 85:660-7. |
| Gnaiger 2019 MiP2019 |  |
| Hood 2019 Nutr Diabetes | Hood K, Ashcraft J, Watts K, Hong S, Choi W, Heymsfield SB, Gautam RK, Thomas D (2019) Allometric scaling of weight to height and resulting body mass index thresholds in two Asian populations. Nutr Diabetes 9:2. doi: 10.1038/s41387-018-0068-3. |
| Indian Academy of Pediatrics Growth Charts Committee 2015 Indian Pediatr | Indian Academy of Pediatrics Growth Charts Committee, Khadilkar V, Yadav S, Agrawal KK, Tamboli S, Banerjee M, Cherian A, Goyal JP, Khadilkar A, Kumaravel V, Mohan V, Narayanappa D, Ray I, Yewale V (2015) Revised IAP growth charts for height, weight and body mass index for 5- to 18-year-old Indian children. Indian Pediatr 52:47-55. |
| Zucker 1962 Committee on Biological Handbooks, Fed Amer Soc Exp Biol | Zucker TF (1962) Regression of standing and sitting weights on body weight: man. In: Growth including reproduction and morphological development. Altman PL, Dittmer DS, eds: Committee on Biological Handbooks, Fed Amer Soc Exp Biol:336-7. |
MitoPedia: BME and mitObesity
» Body mass excess and mitObesity | BME and mitObesity news | Summary |
| Term | Abbreviation | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BME cutoff points | BME cutoff | Obesity is defined as a disease associated with an excess of body fat with respect to a healthy reference condition. Cutoff points for body mass excess, BME cutoff points, define the critical values for underweight (-0.1 and -0.2), overweight (0.2), and various degrees of obesity (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and above). BME cutoffs are calibrated by crossover-points of BME with established BMI cutoffs. |
| Body fat excess | BFE | In the healthy reference population (HRP), there is zero body fat excess, BFE, and the fraction of excess body fat in the HRP is expressed - by definition - relative to the reference body mass, M°, at any given height. Importantly, body fat excess, BFE, and body mass excess, BME, are linearly related, which is not the case for the body mass index, BMI. |
| Body mass | m [kg]; M [kg·x-1] | The body mass M is the mass (kilogram [kg]) of an individual (object) [x] and is expressed in units [kg/x]. Whereas the body weight changes as a function of gravitational force (you are weightless at zero gravity; your floating weight in water is different from your weight in air), your mass is independent of gravitational force, and it is the same in air and water. |
| Body mass excess | BME | The body mass excess, BME, is an index of obesity and as such BME is a lifestyle metric. The BME is a measure of the extent to which your actual body mass, M [kg/x], deviates from M° [kg/x], which is the reference body mass [kg] per individual [x] without excess body fat in the healthy reference population, HRP. A balanced BME is BME° = 0.0 with a band width of -0.1 towards underweight and +0.2 towards overweight. The BME is linearly related to the body fat excess. |
| Body mass index | BMI | The body mass index, BMI, is the ratio of body mass to height squared (BMI=M·H-2), recommended by the WHO as a general indicator of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg·m-2), overweight (BMI>25 kg·m-2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg·m-2). Keys et al (1972; see 2014) emphasized that 'the prime criterion must be the relative independence of the index from height'. It is exactly the dependence of the BMI on height - from children to adults, women to men, Caucasians to Asians -, which requires adjustments of BMI-cutoff points. This deficiency is resolved by the body mass excess relative to the healthy reference population. |
| Comorbidity | Comorbidities are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'. | |
| Healthy reference population | HRP | A healthy reference population, HRP, establishes the baseline for the relation between body mass and height in healthy people of zero underweight or overweight, providing a reference for evaluation of deviations towards underweight or overweight and obesity. The WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) on height and body mass refer to healthy girls and boys from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. The Committee on Biological Handbooks compiled data on height and body mass of healthy males from infancy to old age (USA), published before emergence of the fast-food and soft-drink epidemic. Four allometric phases are distinguished with distinct allometric exponents. At heights above 1.26 m/x the allometric exponent is 2.9, equal in women and men, and significantly different from the exponent of 2.0 implicated in the body mass index, BMI [kg/m2]. |
| Height of humans | h [m]; H [m·x-1] | The height of humans, h, is given in SI units in meters [m]. Humans are countable objects, and the symbol and unit of the number of objects is N [x]. The average height of N objects is, H = h/N [m/x], where h is the heights of all N objects measured on top of each other. Therefore, the height per human has the unit [m·x-1] (compare body mass [kg·x-1]). Without further identifyer, H is considered as the standing height of a human, measured without shoes, hair ornaments and heavy outer garments. |
| Length | l [m] | Length l is an SI base quantity with SI base unit meter m. Quantities derived from length are area A [m2] and volume V [m3]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' h is used for length in cases of vertical position (see height of humans). Length of height per object, LUX [m·x-1] is length per unit-entity UX, in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number NX of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity time (long/short duration). |
| MitObesity drugs | Bioactive mitObesity compounds are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria. | |
| Obesity | Obesity is a disease resulting from excessive accumulation of body fat. In common obesity (non-syndromic obesity) excessive body fat is due to an obesogenic lifestyle with lack of physical exercise ('couch') and caloric surplus of food consumption ('potato'), causing several comorbidities which are characterized as preventable non-communicable diseases. Persistent body fat excess associated with deficits of physical activity induces a weight-lifting effect on increasing muscle mass with decreasing mitochondrial capacity. Body fat excess, therefore, correlates with body mass excess up to a critical stage of obesogenic lifestyle-induced sarcopenia, when loss of muscle mass results in further deterioration of physical performance particularly at older age. | |
| VO2max | VO2max; VO2max/M | Maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max, is and index of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by spiroergometry on human and animal organisms capable of controlled physical exercise performance on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. VO2max is the maximum respiration of an organism, expressed as the volume of O2 at STPD consumed per unit of time per individual object [mL.min-1.x-1]. If normalized per body mass of the individual object, M [kg.x-1], mass specific maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max/M, is expressed in units [mL.min-1.kg-1]. |
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