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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "-5B-5BImage:MITOEAGLE-2Dlogo.jpg-7Cleft-7C100px-7Clink=http:-2F-2Fwww.mitoglobal.org-2Findex.php-2FMITOEAGLE-7CCOST-20Action-20MitoEAGLE-5D-5D-0AEquine-20atypical-20myopathy-20(AM)-20is-20an-20acute-20environmental-20intoxication-20resulting-20from-20hypoglycin-20A-20(HGA)-20ingestion.-20In-20Europe,-20seeds-20and-20seedlings-20of-20-27-27Acer-20pseudoplatanus-27-27-20(sycamore-20maple-20tree)-20are-20the-20primarily-20sources-20of-20this-20naturally-2Doccurring-20toxin-20-5B1-5D.-20Out-20of-20Europe,-20ackee-20and-20lychee-20may-20also-20cause-20HGA-20poisoning-20in-20human-20-5B2,3-5D.-20Metabolism-20of-20ingested-20HGA-20produces-20methylenecyclopropylacetic-20acid-20(MCPA)-20which-20impairs-20fatty-20acid-20metabolism-20with-20subsequent-20increased-20use-20of-20glucose.-20As-20a-20consequence,-20human-20and-20laboratory-20animals-20suffer-20from-20an-20acute-20hypoglycaemic-20syndrome-20due-20to-20blockade-20of-20gluconeogenesis-20after-20depletion-20of-20hepatic-20glycogen-20stores.-20In-20contrast,-20intoxicated-20equids-20usually-20show-20hyperglycaemia-20and-20suffer-20from-20a-20severe-20rhabdomyolysis-20syndrome-20targeting-20muscle-20groups-20enriched-20in-20mitochondria,-20such-20as-20postural,-20respiratory,-20and-20cardiac-20muscles-20-5B4-5D.-20Although-20HGA-20poisoning-20has-20been-20extensively-20studied-20in-20regard-20to-20the-20inhibition-20of-20mitochondrial-20β-2Doxidation-20and-20the-20mechanism-20leading-20to-20hypoglycaemia,-20the-20impact-20on-20mitochondrial-20respiration-20has-20been-20overlooked.-20In-20a-20previous-20study,-20a-20severe-20decrease-20(up-20to-2049-25)-20in-20mitochondrial-20respiration-20was-20observed-20in-20muscle-20microbiopsies-20taken-20from-20horses-20suffering-20from-20AM-20with-20NADH-2Dlinked-20substrates-20and-20succinate-20used-20separately-20(N,-20S)-20or-20in-20cocktail-20(NS)-20to-20stimulate-20respiration-20-5B5-5D.-20Thus,-20mitochondrial-20toxicity-20of-20HGA-20and-2F-20or-20MCPA-20is-20not-20solely-20associated-20to-20fatty-20acid-20metabolism-20disturbance.-0A-0ATo-20better-20understand-20the-20functional-20mitochondrial-20defects-20associated-20with-20AM-20and-20identify-20potential-20treatments,-20an-20-27-27in-20vitro-27-27-20model-20is-20needed.-20Firstly,-20we-20have-20observed-20that-20addition-20of-20serum-20of-20AM-2Daffected-20horses-20(which-20contains-20HGA,-20MCPA-20and-20a-20general-20increase-20in-20acylcarnitine-20species)-20on-20cultured-20equine-20myoblasts-20depresses-20NS-2Dlinked-20respiration.-20Secondly,-20we-20have-20showed-20that-20MCPA-20but-20not-20HGA-20decreases-20OXPHOS-20capacity-20of-20N,-20S-20and-20NS-2Dpathways-20in-20a-20dose-2Ddependent-20manner.-20Thirdly,-20we-20have-20included-20short,-20medium-20and-20long-20chain-20fatty-20acids-20as-20substrates-20and-20confirmed-20inhibition-20of-20fatty-20acid-20(F)-20pathway-20by-20MCPA-20but-20not-20HGA.-0A-0AAlthough-20these-20protocols-20do-20not-20reveal-20the-20MCPA-20action-20site(s),-20these-20respirometric-20studies-20may-20serve-20as-20a-20basis-20for-20evaluating-20the-20effectiveness-20of-20selected-20therapeutics-20assumed-20to-20be-20of-20value-20to-20prevent-20and-2F-20or-20counteract-20the-20mitochondrial-20dysfunction-20associated-20to-20HGA-20poisoning." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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