https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&feed=atom&action=historySystem - Revision history2024-03-28T15:01:45ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.36.1https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=235478&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 00:55, 23 January 20232023-01-23T00:55:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term '''system''' has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, data management system, biological or mechanical system, redox system, [[Electron transfer system]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. {''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quote</del>'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</del>}<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </del>The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. {end of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quote</del>}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term '''system''' has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, data management system, biological or mechanical system, redox system, [[Electron transfer system]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. {''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Quote</ins>'' } The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. {<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>end of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Quote'': [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</ins>}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td></tr>
</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=206879&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 09:10, 7 September 20202020-09-07T09:10:40Z<p></p>
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</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=203933&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 14:25, 19 June 20202020-06-19T14:25:06Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, data management system, biological or mechanical system, redox system, [[Electron transfer system]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. {''quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]}: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. {end of quote}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>system<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, data management system, biological or mechanical system, redox system, [[Electron transfer system]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. {''quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]}: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. {end of quote}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]] (2019-01-01) last update 2020-06-04</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Instrumental chamber and experimental chamber ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:Glass chamber.jpg|right|180px]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: The [[O2k-Chamber MitoPedia |O2k-chamber]] of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is taken as an example, but the concept is entirely general.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== The volume of the experimental chamber ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: The instrumental chambers of the O2k consist of Duran glass with an inner diameter of either 16 mm of the '2 mL chamber', or a smaller diameter for the '0.5 mL chamber' of the [[O2k-sV-Module]]. 2 mL and 0.5 mL are the 'operation volumes', which do not include the volume of the glass wall. The operation volumes, therefore, are not the ''instrumental'' volumes but the ''experimental'' volumes, including the liquid volume and sample enclosed in the chamber with a volume-calibrated stopper inserted, to obtain a closed system. It is useful, therefore, to distinguish the '''experimental chamber''' as the closed or open system operated under experimental conditions of temperature and pressure, with a particular stirrer inserted, but without including the volume of the stirrer in the volume ''V'' of the experimental system. For the experimental chamber it may be entirely irrelevant, if the wall is composed of Duran or quartz glass. But an instrumental chamber of Duran glass is a different product than an instrumental chamber of quartz glass. You may have a number of instrumental spare chambers, which are stored in the accessory box. An experimental chamber, however, is by definition inserted into the O2k, containing a defined medium (usually aqueous, but it might be gaseous) and operated under experimental conditions of temperature, pressure, stirring speed and optionally containing a sample. Thus the experimental chamber is defined as the thermodynamic system including the sample if a sample is inserted, whereas the instrumental chamber is a particular product described in the catalogue. The 2 mL and 0.5 mL volumes ''V'' refer to the experimental chamber volumes of the instrumental chambers.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::::* The [[O2k-Chamber]] is the '''instrumental chamber''' of the O2k with product ID 23100-01. The instrumental chamber may be a physical object inserted in the O2k or placed in the accessory box or storage room, or it may even be a non-physical concept displayed on the website. The instrumental chamber is effectively the chamber wall (product ID 23100-01 does not include the stirrer bar).</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::::* The O2k-chamber is the experimental chamber in the O2k operated under experimental conditions. The experimental chamber does not include the chamber wall, but the system boundary is the area separating the wall from the contents — an area of zero thickness and hence the boundary has zero volume. Yet the experimental chamber is a physical object, characterized by the experimental contents of the chamber. The stirrer bar is inserted into the instrumental chamber, but the volume of the stirrer bar is excluded from the experimental chamber volume.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: Whereas the instrumental chamber lasts over time until it breaks (the O2k does not have disposable chambers), the ''experimental'' chamber exists for the duration of an experiment. The instrumental chamber is the container (made of glass), the ''experimental'' chamber is defined by the experimental contents and experimental conditions. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== The volume of the study object, the sample, the medium, and the experimental chamber === </del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: In a sample consisting of a pure substance S, the sample volume ''V''<sub>S</sub> equals the experimental chamber volume ''V'' — the sample is the system: </del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Sample S for a pure substance B: ''V''<sub>B</sub> = ''V''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: Take a sample s of freeze-dried yeast cells as countable objects or entities ''X''. The pure sample of yeast cells is added into the experimental chamber containing mitochondrial respiration medium — the sample is not the system, the sample is not the object.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: Take a sample s of a tissue homogenate of volume ''V''<sub>thom</sub> and inject this volume into the experimental chamber containing mitochondrial respiration medium. In this mixture the sample does not contain countable objects but units of sample volume, occupying a volume ''V''<sub>thom</sub> that is smaller than ''V'' — the sample is not the system, the sample is the object:</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Sample s for a mixture: ''V''<sub>s</sub> < ''V''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: For cells suspended at high dilution, the volume ''V''<sub>ce</sub> is small to the extent that it can be ignored relative to the volume ''V''<sub>MiR</sub> of the mitochondrial respiration medium — the medium is the system:</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Cells at high dilution: ''V''<sub>MiR</sub> ~ ''V''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== The O2k-chamber is not an ideally closed system ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: The polarographic oxygen sensor is neither part of the instrumental O2k-Chamber nor experimental O2k-chamber. Oxygen diffuses across the system boundary from the experimental medium to the cathode of the sensor, where 4 electrons reduce O<sub>2</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>O, and the corresponding electron flow is measured as a current ''I''<sub>el</sub> which is the primary signal of the polarographic oxygen sensor (polarized at 800 mV to push the reduction of oxygen). In an ideally closed system (= experimental chamber), oxygen would be prevented from escaping to the oxygen sensor. Therefore, this external flow of oxygen (a negative flow has the direction out of the system) is accounted for as a component of the [[Oxygen flux - instrumental background |instrumental background oxygen flux ''J''°<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>]]. The ''experimental'' background oxygen flux includes additionally the chemical background oxygen flux due to processes of autooxidation, if any unstable components are added to the incubation medium ([[Complex_IV#Correction_for_chemical_O2_background |correction for chemical O2 background]]).</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: ''Pop up to'' [[Canonical_Carol_Canon_O#Canon_O2:_The_experimental_chamber_in_the_instrumental_O2k-Chamber |Canon O2: The experimental chamber in the instrumental O2k-Chamber]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=203108&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 10:19, 4 June 20202020-06-04T10:19:28Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:19, 4 June 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Glass chamber.jpg|right|180px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Glass chamber.jpg|right|180px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:::: The O2k-chamber of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is taken as an example, but the concept is entirely general.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:::: The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[O2k-Chamber MitoPedia |</ins>O2k-chamber<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is taken as an example, but the concept is entirely general.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== The volume of the experimental chamber ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:::: The instrumental chambers of the O2k consist of Duran glass with an inner diameter of either 16 mm of the '2 mL chamber', or a smaller diameter for the '0.5 mL chamber' of the [[O2k-sV-Module]]. 2 mL and 0.5 mL are the 'operation volumes', which do not include the volume of the glass wall. The operation volumes, therefore, are not the ''instrumental'' volumes but the ''experimental'' volumes, including the liquid volume and sample enclosed in the chamber with a volume-calibrated stopper inserted, to obtain a closed system. It is useful, therefore, to distinguish the '''experimental chamber''' as the closed or open system operated under experimental conditions of temperature and pressure, with a particular stirrer inserted, but without including the volume of the stirrer in the volume ''V'' of the experimental system. For the experimental chamber it may be entirely irrelevant, if the wall is composed of Duran or quartz glass. But an instrumental chamber of Duran glass is a different product than an instrumental chamber of quartz glass. You may have a number of instrumental spare chambers, which are stored in the accessory box. An experimental chamber, however, is by definition inserted into the O2k, containing a defined medium (usually aqueous, but it might be gaseous) and operated under experimental conditions of temperature, pressure, stirring speed and optionally containing a sample. Thus the experimental chamber is defined as the thermodynamic system including the sample if a sample is inserted, whereas the instrumental chamber is a particular product described in the catalogue. The 2 mL and 0.5 mL volumes ''V'' refer to the experimental chamber volumes of the instrumental chambers.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:::: The instrumental chambers of the O2k consist of Duran glass with an inner diameter of either 16 mm of the '2 mL chamber', or a smaller diameter for the '0.5 mL chamber' of the [[O2k-sV-Module]]. 2 mL and 0.5 mL are the 'operation volumes', which do not include the volume of the glass wall. The operation volumes, therefore, are not the ''instrumental'' volumes but the ''experimental'' volumes, including the liquid volume and sample enclosed in the chamber with a volume-calibrated stopper inserted, to obtain a closed system. It is useful, therefore, to distinguish the '''experimental chamber''' as the closed or open system operated under experimental conditions of temperature and pressure, with a particular stirrer inserted, but without including the volume of the stirrer in the volume ''V'' of the experimental system. For the experimental chamber it may be entirely irrelevant, if the wall is composed of Duran or quartz glass. But an instrumental chamber of Duran glass is a different product than an instrumental chamber of quartz glass. You may have a number of instrumental spare chambers, which are stored in the accessory box. An experimental chamber, however, is by definition inserted into the O2k, containing a defined medium (usually aqueous, but it might be gaseous) and operated under experimental conditions of temperature, pressure, stirring speed and optionally containing a sample. Thus the experimental chamber is defined as the thermodynamic system including the sample if a sample is inserted, whereas the instrumental chamber is a particular product described in the catalogue. The 2 mL and 0.5 mL volumes ''V'' refer to the experimental chamber volumes of the instrumental chambers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::::* The [[O2k-Chamber]] is the '''instrumental chamber''' of the O2k with product ID 23100-01. The instrumental chamber may be a physical object inserted in the O2k or placed in the accessory box or storage room, or it may even be a non-physical concept displayed on the website. The instrumental chamber is effectively the chamber wall (product ID 23100-01 does not include the stirrer bar).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::::* The [[O2k-Chamber]] is the '''instrumental chamber''' of the O2k with product ID 23100-01. The instrumental chamber may be a physical object inserted in the O2k or placed in the accessory box or storage room, or it may even be a non-physical concept displayed on the website. The instrumental chamber is effectively the chamber wall (product ID 23100-01 does not include the stirrer bar).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::::* The O2k-chamber is the experimental chamber in the O2k operated under experimental conditions. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is a physical object </del>not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including </del>the chamber wall, but characterized by the experimental contents of the chamber. The stirrer bar is inserted into the instrumental chamber, but the volume of the stirrer bar is excluded from the experimental chamber volume.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::::* The O2k-chamber is the experimental chamber in the O2k operated under experimental conditions. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The experimental chamber does </ins>not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">include </ins>the chamber wall, but <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the system boundary is the area separating the wall from the contents — an area of zero thickness and hence the boundary has zero volume. Yet the experimental chamber is a physical object, </ins>characterized by the experimental contents of the chamber. The stirrer bar is inserted into the instrumental chamber, but the volume of the stirrer bar is excluded from the experimental chamber volume<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: Whereas the instrumental chamber lasts over time until it breaks (the O2k does not have disposable chambers), the ''experimental'' chamber exists for the duration of an experiment. The instrumental chamber is the container (made of glass), the ''experimental'' chamber is defined by the experimental contents and experimental conditions. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== The volume of the study object, the sample, the medium, and the experimental chamber === </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: In a sample consisting of a pure substance S, the sample volume ''V''<sub>S</sub> equals the experimental chamber volume ''V'' — the sample is the system: </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Sample S for a pure substance B: ''V''<sub>B</sub> = ''V''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: Take a sample s of freeze-dried yeast cells as countable objects or entities ''X''. The pure sample of yeast cells is added into the experimental chamber containing mitochondrial respiration medium — the sample is not the system, the sample is not the object.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: Take a sample s of a tissue homogenate of volume ''V''<sub>thom</sub> and inject this volume into the experimental chamber containing mitochondrial respiration medium. In this mixture the sample does not contain countable objects but units of sample volume, occupying a volume ''V''<sub>thom</sub> that is smaller than ''V'' — the sample is not the system, the sample is the object:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Sample s for a mixture: ''V''<sub>s</sub> < ''V''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: For cells suspended at high dilution, the volume ''V''<sub>ce</sub> is small to the extent that it can be ignored relative to the volume ''V''<sub>MiR</sub> of the mitochondrial respiration medium — the medium is the system:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Cells at high dilution: ''V''<sub>MiR</sub> ~ ''V''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== The O2k-chamber is not an ideally closed system ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: The polarographic oxygen sensor is neither part of the instrumental O2k-Chamber nor experimental O2k-chamber. Oxygen diffuses across the system boundary from the experimental medium to the cathode of the sensor, where 4 electrons reduce O<sub>2</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>O, and the corresponding electron flow is measured as a current ''I''<sub>el</sub> which is the primary signal of the polarographic oxygen sensor (polarized at 800 mV to push the reduction of oxygen). In an ideally closed system (= experimental chamber), oxygen would be prevented from escaping to the oxygen sensor. Therefore, this external flow of oxygen (a negative flow has the direction out of the system) is accounted for as a component of the [[Oxygen flux - instrumental background |instrumental background oxygen flux ''J''°<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>]]. The ''experimental'' background oxygen flux includes additionally the chemical background oxygen flux due to processes of autooxidation, if any unstable components are added to the incubation medium ([[Complex_IV#Correction_for_chemical_O2_background |correction for chemical O2 background]])</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=203101&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 07:35, 4 June 20202020-06-04T07:35:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, redox system, [[Electron transfer <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pathway</del>]], loosely or completely coupled <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system, biological or mechanical </del>system, instrumental <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system, data management </del>system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. ''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Quote</del>'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system, data management system, biological or mechanical </ins>system, redox system, [[Electron transfer <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system</ins>]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{</ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quote</ins>'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}</ins>: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{end of quote}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprint Arch</del>]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BEC 2020.1</ins>]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]] (2019-01-01) last update 2020-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">05</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">30</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">__TOC__</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]] (2019-01-01) last update 2020-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">06</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">04</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Instrumental chamber and experimental chamber ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:Glass chamber.jpg|right|180px]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: The O2k-chamber of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is taken as an example, but the concept is entirely general.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:::: The instrumental chambers of the O2k consist of Duran glass with an inner diameter of either 16 mm of the '2 mL chamber', or a smaller diameter for the '0.5 mL chamber' of the [[O2k-sV-Module]]. 2 mL and 0.5 mL are the 'operation volumes', which do not include the volume of the glass wall. The operation volumes, therefore, are not the ''instrumental'' volumes but the ''experimental'' volumes, including the liquid volume and sample enclosed in the chamber with a volume-calibrated stopper inserted, to obtain a closed system. It is useful, therefore, to distinguish the '''experimental chamber''' as the closed or open system operated under experimental conditions of temperature and pressure, with a particular stirrer inserted, but without including the volume of the stirrer in the volume ''V'' of the experimental system. For the experimental chamber it may be entirely irrelevant, if the wall is composed of Duran or quartz glass. But an instrumental chamber of Duran glass is a different product than an instrumental chamber of quartz glass. You may have a number of instrumental spare chambers, which are stored in the accessory box. An experimental chamber, however, is by definition inserted into the O2k, containing a defined medium (usually aqueous, but it might be gaseous) and operated under experimental conditions of temperature, pressure, stirring speed and optionally containing a sample. Thus the experimental chamber is defined as the thermodynamic system including the sample if a sample is inserted, whereas the instrumental chamber is a particular product described in the catalogue. The 2 mL and 0.5 mL volumes ''V'' refer to the experimental chamber volumes of the instrumental chambers.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::::* The [[O2k-Chamber]] is the '''instrumental chamber''' of the O2k with product ID 23100-01. The instrumental chamber may be a physical object inserted in the O2k or placed in the accessory box or storage room, or it may even be a non-physical concept displayed on the website. The instrumental chamber is effectively the chamber wall (product ID 23100-01 does not include the stirrer bar).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::::* The O2k-chamber is the experimental chamber in the O2k operated under experimental conditions. It is a physical object not including the chamber wall, but characterized by the experimental contents of the chamber. The stirrer bar is inserted into the instrumental chamber, but the volume of the stirrer bar is excluded from the experimental chamber volume.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{MitoPedia methods}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{MitoPedia O2k and high-resolution respirometry}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{MitoPedia topics}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=202665&oldid=prevBeno Marija at 07:22, 3 June 20202020-06-03T07:22:27Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:22, 3 June 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, redox system, [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">electron </del>transfer <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system</del>]], loosely or completely coupled system, biological or mechanical system, instrumental system, data management system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. ''Quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, redox system, [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Electron </ins>transfer <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pathway</ins>]], loosely or completely coupled system, biological or mechanical system, instrumental system, data management system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. ''Quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td></tr>
</table>Beno Marijahttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=202325&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 07:03, 30 May 20202020-05-30T07:03:14Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:03, 30 May 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings in different contexts, ''e.g.'', redox system, electron transfer system, loosely or completely coupled system, biological or mechanical system, instrumental system, data management <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system, MKSA </del>system. In thermodynamics, the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. ''Quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and dictionary definitions </ins>in different contexts, ''e.g.''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system</ins>, redox system, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>electron transfer system<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, loosely or completely coupled system, biological or mechanical system, instrumental system, data management system. In thermodynamics <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and [[ergodynamics]]</ins>, the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. ''Quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprint Arch]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprint Arch]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </del>2019-01-01<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; </del>last update <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2019</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">01</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">05</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</ins>2019-01-01<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </ins>last update <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2020</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">05</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">30</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== References ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{#ask:[[Additional label::System]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=193155&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 22:40, 17 February 20202020-02-17T22:40:06Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia concepts</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia concepts</div></td></tr>
</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=173650&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 16:31, 23 February 20192019-02-23T16:31:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MitoEAGLE preprint States and rates</del>]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprint Arch</ins>]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Gnaiger Erichhttps://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=System&diff=168564&oldid=prevGnaiger Erich at 20:28, 5 January 20192019-01-05T20:28:23Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{MitoPedia</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings in different contexts, ''e.g.'', redox system, electron transfer system, loosely or completely coupled system, biological or mechanical system, instrumental system, data management system, MKSA system. In thermodynamics, the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, closed, open<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, isothermal or non-isothermal </del>system. ''Quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=The term system has a variety of meanings in different contexts, ''e.g.'', redox system, electron transfer system, loosely or completely coupled system, biological or mechanical system, instrumental system, data management system, MKSA system. In thermodynamics, the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, adiabatic</ins>, closed, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or </ins>open system. ''Quote'' [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]: The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[MitoEAGLE preprint States and rates]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|info=[[MitoEAGLE preprint States and rates]], [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]]: 2019-01-01</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]]: 2019-01-01<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; last update 2019-01-05</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Gnaiger Erich