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...(well mixed and isothermal), continuous with gradients, or [[Discontinuous system|discontinuous]] with compartments (heterogenous). |info=[[System]]

...e in the forward direction and heat is absorbed from the environment under isothermal conditions (∆_e''Q'' > 0) without performance of work (∆<sub>

...s place in the forward direction and heat is lost to the environment under isothermal conditions (∆_e''Q'' < 0) without performance of work (∆<sub>

|description=The '''bound energy''' change in a closed system is that part of the ''total'' [[energy]] change that is always bound to an ...al'' energy change (total inner energy or enthalpy, d''U'' or d''H'') of a system minus the ''bound'' energy change.

...= 0). Energy is exchanged between a system and the environment across the system boundaries in the form of [[heat]], d_e''Q'', total or available ...describe the [[internal-energy]] change (or [[enthalpy]] change) of the ''system'', heat and work are ''external'' energy changes (subscript e; et: external

...of advancement of a transformation (0 = -1 A + 1 B) in a closed isothermal system at constant pressure, for ''μ''_A° = ''μ''_B° = 0 k :::: In a transformation tr 0 = -1 A +1 B proceeding in a system with volume ''V'' at constant barometric pressure ''p'', the Gibbs energy o

...a [[discontinuous system]]) at an infinitely large [[force]] - without the system exploding? ...ergy as a function of advancement of transformation in a closed isothermal system at constant pressure.]]

## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', ## In [[discontinuous system]]s that consist of compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane, the